თანამედროვეობის ფესვებთან, გარდამტეხი 1968 წელი, «განებივრებულთა ჯანყი»: 3

1968-9: azri-68, mentaluri revolucia, radikaluri “axalgazrdobizmis” faza:

jer mTargmnelis SeniSvna:

dasavluri filosofiis mama-damfuZnebeli sokrate (Zv.w. 470-399) adamianebs mouwodebda yvelaferi ar daeyvanaT maTze, gaegoT rom maTSi aris maTze ufro didi da Rrma arsi: “ ar dauTmoT sxeuls, xorcs da simdidres, aseTive gznebiT izruneT sulis srulyofaze”.

sul sxva azris iyo Tanamedrove filosofosi moris merlo-ponti (1908-1961): “me ara var Cemi sxeulis winaSe, me var Cems sxeulSi, an, ufro, me var Cemi sxeuli”  (Tanamedrove frangi filosofosi bertran verJelis wignaki evropeli jeelebisTvis “sityvebi filosofosTa aRmosaCenad”, gamomcemlobebi “Mmilan”, 2008).

“civilizacia Seqmna man vinc pirvelma Seikava Tavi qvis srolisgan da ginebiT dakmayofilda”, Tqva didma zigmund froidma

“inerciuli sokratizmidan” agresiul “merlopontizmze” gadasvlas kacobriobam garkveuli dro moandoma.

Mmarqsistma da froidistma inteleqtualebma (herbert marqkuzem, sociologma rait milsma, paul gudmenma) 1960-an wlebSi daarRvies 1950-ani wlebis konsensusi da da mouwodes adamianis saWiroebaTa, instinqtebis ganTavisuflebisaken ( anu daaxloebiT cxoveluri cxovrebisken) da yvelanairi formis siyvarulis  ganxorcielebisken anu siyvarulobanas TamaSisken.

metic , harvardis universitetis profesorma timoti lirim axali narkotiki lsd aqcia aracnobieris, instinqturi cxovrebis ganTavisuflebis instrumentad. «iTamaSeT siyvarulobana, nu izamT oms», yvirodnen am epoqis ganmasaxierebeli  hipebi.

isini gmobdnen moxmarebis sazogadoebas rogorc konformizmis wyaros. maT Seqmnes axali moda. Kkaci da guru-moZRvaria seqsualuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli narkomani poeti alen ginsbergi romelic yvelaferTan erTad aris am sityvis namdvili mniSvnelobiT gagiJebuli amerikeli sawyali komunisti qalis Svili da amdenad mZime genetikuri ucnaurobebis matarebeli.

Aai aseTma atmosferom gadaria parizis gareubani nanteris universitetis studentebi romlebmac mTavar cxovrebiseul problemad aqcies studentur saerTosacxovreblebSi mcxovrebi gogonebis Tavisuflad SeSveba iqve mcxovrebi biWunebis oTaxebSi da mere waukides cecxli safrangeTs. (amerikelebze amis da cota metis wakiTxva SegiZliaT elen manies da filip labros wignSi «kulturuli gzamkvlevebi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, parizi, 2011, franguli Tu iciT, ra Tqma unda).

Eexla am «wiwilebs» davubrundeT: 

seqsze infrastruqturebSi:

1968 wlis maisSi protesti gamoucxades da daupirispirdnen yvelafer arsebuls: institutebs, skolas, ojaxs, kanonebs, religias, seqsualobas, ierarqias, Sromis organizacias, moxmarebas.

«esaa fsiqiuri epidemiebis, masobrivi istoriuli konvulsiebis xalxi», ambobda froidi (1856-1939) frangebze XIX saukunis bolos.

klasTa brZolidan gaCenil kriziss 1968 wlis maisma daumata axali faqtorebi: asaki, wadili da Jini, siamovneba da tkboba, kultura Sevidnen ifrastruqturebSi, ese igi iqcnen azris ganmsazRvrel faqtorebad.

sazogadoebas aRar uyureben marqsistuli TvalsazrisiT, mas uyureben axleburad gaazrebuli froidis TvalsazrisiT.

NXX saukunis dasawyisis azris Semqmneli konceptualuri aparatis ganze gawevas moyva deqtruqciuli movlenebi. erTmaneTSi auries pretenzia privilegirebul mdgomareobaze (mandarinati) da kultura, codna da Zalaufleba, faSizmi da kanonis suli.

Ggamosvlebis radikalizmma gaaCina gadaWarbeba, metismetoba da revoluciur saTnoebad gadaaqcia mZime Seuracxyofa romelic mokled gadmoica beCavi deviziT «akrZalulia akrZalva».

Mmasebis kultidan «me»-s kultamde :

Kkarel reisis 1967 wels gamosuli zRapruli inglisuri filmi «morgani» yveba     misi gmiris sasiyvarulo, seqsualuri da politikuri imedgacruebebis Sesaxeb.

tonis Tavisufleba, SeSlili, manWia da sasacilo intriga, akviatebul bodvaTa da koSmarTa wili, cxoveluri umankoebis Tema, stalinizmis da burJuaziul konformizmTa dagmoba da sakuTari Tavis masxrad agdeba moaswavebdnen 1968 wlis maisis sulis Sesaxeb.

filmi mTavrdeba planiT romelic aCvenebs sagiJeTSi damwyvdeul morgans romelic agebs erTmaneTis gadamkveTi namgalis da uros gamomsaxvel yvavilnars. is erTdroulad da vadaze adre gamoxatavda swrafvas SeuZlebeli Tavisuflebisken, arsebaTa erTmaneTisgan gaTiSvas da saukunis koSmarad gadamqcevi ganmanTavisuflebeli rwmenebis, marqsizmis, leninizmis…kritikas.

ramodenime wlis Semdeg maos yofilma Tayvanismcemlebma romlebmac vietnami odesRac gamoacxades “imperiealizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli xalxebis ganTavisuflebis Suqurad” dainaxes Tu ra sakoncentracio banakad aqcies es lamazi qveyana misma “ganmanTavisuflebelma” komunistebma. am jufma, romlis wevrebic Tavis Tavs axal filosofosebs uwodebdnen Sorsùmoisrola masebis kulti. E

masebis kulti saswrafod Secvala “me”-s kultma da man moipova CvenTvis kargad nacnobi warmateba.

Mcodva,monanieba da gamosyidva ki ara siamovneba da tkboba, masebi ki ara individi, marqsi ki ara axleburad gaazrebuli froidi, ekonomikuri pirobebi ki ara aracnobieri. Aai axali midgomebi romelTac Zvra gamoiwvies sazogadoebis analizSi. daeWvdnen Tavdadebuli marqsistebic ki.

ganTavisuflebuli qalebi:

1968 wlis maisSi qalebi yvelgan arian ara beladebad jgufunebis biurokratiebSi aramed sxvagan. xelisufleba maT jer ar xiblavs. Uunda vaRiaroT rom momaval partizanebs surT Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba.

“seqsualoba da represia”, vilhelm raixis manifesti (1936):

Mmadam revo dalonma am saxelis mqone moxseneba 1968 wlis 21 marts waikiTxa nanteris universitetSi. is laparakobda Tavisufali sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis uflebaze, kontracefciaze, sakuTari sxeulis sakuTari survilis Sesabamisad gamoyenebis uflebaze, imaze rom adamianebs unda hqondeT siamovnebis da tkbobis ufleba. mis leqciaze Tavi moiyara oci wlis asakis studentTa didad dainteresebulma brbom. Seqsualuri Tavisufleba jer akrZaluli Temaa. safrangeTSi aris “saTno TvalTmaqcobisgan” da mamakacebis mier gakontrolebuli umniSvnelo rameebis Sewynarebisagan Semdgari ormagi midgoma. Aaborti danaSaulad iTvleba da qaliSvilebma Tu qalebma bevri araferi ician kontracefciis Tu fexmZimobis Tavidan acilebis saSualebebis Sesaxeb. mxolod 1967 wels miaRebina kanoni deputatma lusian niuvirtma kontracefciis nebadamrTveli kanoni (amiT daewivnen da gauswres “Tavisufal” mamakacebs “Tavisufalma” qalebma, mTargmneli).

Aaxali qalbatoni moqalaqeebi:

Qqalebma safrangeTSi arCevnebSi monawileoba pirvelad miiRes 1945 wels. 545 deputatidan 35 qali airCies. 1946-1968 wlebSi qalTa raodenoba erovnul asambleaSi ganuwyvetlad mcirdeboda da 1968 wels qalebi Seadgendnen saparlamento warmomadgenlobis 1,6%-s. axali moqalaqeebi, meorexarisxoven rolebSi profesiul planSi, odnav ganTavisuflebulebi qmris meurveobisgan, qalebi maT xelisuflebas moipoveben 1968 wels.

Qqalis ganTavisuflebis moZraobebi :

Ffesvi imisa rac 1970 wels gadaiqceva qalis ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobad aris amerikuli  studenturi kampusebis pirvel feministur manifestaciebSi. “ vumen’s lib”, “qalis ganTavisufleba”, aRelvebs telekamerebis winaSe:

atlantaSi “mis amerikas” arCeva, qalebi ganTavisuflebis niSnad yrian Tavis azRudebs ( “lifCikebs”), mediaturi efeqti didia da azRudebis gadamyrelebma daimsaxures maTi sazogadoebis seqsizmiT Sewuxebuli qalebis simpatiebi.

1970 wels Jurnalma “momxreebi” gamoaqveyna nomeri “qalis ganTavisufleba weli noli”: esaa qalTa ganTavisuflebis franguli moZraobis damfuZnebeli aqti. imave wels qalTa jgufma satriumfo TaRTan dado “jariskacis ucnobi qalisadmi” miZRvnili gvirgvini. Mmas ewera: “ori kacidan erTi qalia”. 1971 wels gamoqveynda qalTa “343-is manifesti” abortis sasargeblod. Qqalebi acxadebdnen rom maT TviTon gaikeTes aborti. Cndeba erTgvari feministuri presa: “CiraRdani iwvis”, “maTi istoriebi”, esaa gardatexa frangul sazogadoebaSi. moZraobam abortisa da kontracefciis TavisuflebisTvis 1974 wels SesaZlebeli gaxada miReba veilis kanonisa fexmZimobis nebayoflobiTi Sewyvetis Sesaxeb.

De golis wlebSi ar xumrobdnen seqsis sakiTxebSi da sasiyvarulo Tavisuflebis sazRvaria arasasurveli fexmZimoba. SeZlebulma wreebma ician kontracefciis Sesaxeb da aqvT abortis gakeTebis saSualeba, magram es yovelTvis didi riskia, didia sazogadoebrivi dagmobis Zala.

Mmagram de golis gagdebis Tu wasvlis Semdeg moxda simboluri ganTavisufleba:

1972 wels bobinis sasamarTlom bavSvebisTvis gaanTavisufla arasrulwlovani gogona romelsac mouxda abortis gakeTeba. Mmisi veqili iyo Jizel halimi. Gogona iqca qalTa uflebebisTvis brZolis simbolod (amieridan ufro gaadvilda de golis dros mkacrad dagmobil da SeCvenebul pedofilTa cxovreba da «moRvaweoba», mTargmneli). 

 // 1968 wlis Temis dasasruli iqneba//.

mTargmnelis danarTi: «yvelaferi iwyeba  siamovnebiT», ambobda epikure, magram hedonistebisagan gansxvavebiT is ambobda imasac rom yvela ubedureba iwyeba avadmyofobis gamomwvevi siamovnebebiT, gadametebuli siamovnebebiT, RormucelobiT, avxorcobiT, TavaSvebulobiT.

es daaviwyda samwuxarod gansakuTrebiT 1968 wlis Semdeg gahedonistebul Tanamedroveobas da gaCnda fsiqozebis,nevrozebis, depresiebis, TviTmkvlelobebis epidemiebi qronikuli masobrivi narkomaniac da Sidsic...ufalo ieso qriste, Zeo RvTisao, Semiwyale me codvili. 

  

1968 wlis Temis dasasruli iqneba.

raimon aroni batoni zviad gamsaxurdias msgavsad micuravs dinebis winaaRmdeg da aRSfoTebulia  umniSvnelo umciresobis mier mowyobili inteleqtualuri teroriT da kolegebis pasiurobiT. Kkacobriobis sabednierod is gadarCa…

sartrma sorbonaSi axsena «socializmis da Tavisuflebis kavSiri»

1968-10: sartri Tu aroni? 1968 wlis maisis paradoqsebi:

30 wlis Semdeg rogor unda SevafasoT Semdegi gamoTqma?“ jobs Secde sartrTan erTad vidre marTali iyo aronTan erTad!”

marto es ori figura ajameben am araCveulebrivi maisis winaaRmdegobebs.

sartri da aroni erTmaneTs upirispirdebian alJiris omidan:

inteleqtualebi istoriaSi:

1968 wlis maisi pirvel rigSi aris inteleqtualebis mier damzadebuli istoria. inteleqtualebi ki aris xalxi visac surT samyaros gaazreba raTa hqondeT masze zemoqmedebis saSualeba. inteleqtualebi arian yvela, sociologiis Semswavleli es studentebi romlebic svaven kiTxvas «ra saWironi arian sociologebi?», romlebic uaryofen kapitalisturi loRikis mier humanitaruli mecnierebebisTvis micemul rols: sistemis samsaxurs xeiris misaRebad. maT axsovT «121-is manifesti», romelic icavda daumorCileblobis uflebas («121-is manifesti» 1960 wels gamoaqveynes inteleqtualebma romelTa azriTac alJiris omis dros gawveul axalgazrdebs aqvT dezertirobis udleba). maT waukiTxavT kamiu, magram urCevniaT fsiqiatri franc fanonis  (1925-1961) wigni «dedamiwis SeCvenebulni» (1961) romelsac aqvs Jan-pol sartris (1905-1980) winaTqma. Momaval klerkebs yvelaze metad TavSi aqvT filosofosi pol nizanis (1905-1940) wigni «aden arabeTi»  da misi saxelganTqmuli fraza: «oci wlis rom viyo aravis vaTqmevinebdi rom esaa cxovrebis ulamazesi xana». es romantikuli da bundovani warmodgenebis mqone axalgazrdoba SeiZleba moxiblos yvelanairma inteleqtualurma, rogorc yvelaze sasacilo ise yvelaze fanatikurma, rogorc yvelaze anarqistulma ise yvelaze dogmaturma xiblma.

sartri sorbonaSi: 

sartri Tanamgzavria da mas emuqreba realuri safrTxe. alJiris omis dros (1954-1962) is iyo saidumlo Seiararebuli armiis samizne da misi saxeli dakavSirebulia yvela antikolonialistur omTan. Mmsgavsad imaTi vinc arian barikadebze.

rolan diumas TqmiT «sartrma gverdi auara espaneTis oms, gverdi auara saxalxo fronts, gverdi auara antinacistur winaaRmdegobas? ki, gverdi auara yvelafers magram ise cotaTi... man maS gaacdina yvela didi movlena alJiris omis garda» (ani koen-solali, sartri,1985).

moZraobis radikalurobam, misma originalobam (da albaT usafrTxoebam, mTargmneli) dauyovnebliv moxibles sartri da simon de bovuari (1908-1986).

20 maiss is gamovida sorbonaSi da axsena «socializmis da Tavisuflebis kavSiri».

«sisuleleebis niaRvari»:

Raimon aronma (1905-1983) airCia zomierebis banaki. Mmas ar moswons «jvarosnuli laSqroba jvris gareSe»,  «usagno brZola».

Aaronis azriT safrangeTs aRelvebs «fsiqodrama”.  Mmas mxars umagrebs is rom filosofosma aleqsandr koJevma moZraobas uwoda “sisuleleebis niaRvari, fsevdo revolucia imitom rom iq araa daxocilebi”.

Ddinebis winaaRmdeg mcuravi raimon aroni aRSfoTebulia “umniSvnelo umciresobis mier mowyobili “inteleqtualuri teroriT” da kolegebis pasiurobiT.

Mmas mkvaxed upasuxa sartrma: “Cven ar vfiqrobT mxolod kabinetSi da ar vfiqrobT erTsa da imaves 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi”.

Ppolemika ar Semofarglula sauniversiteto sakiTxebiT.

sartri nametani dauaxlovda proletarul memarcxeneobas da maoizms

aroni franguli sazogadoebis winsvlis saSualebad Tvlis mxolod reformizms.

Aaronis momTxovn da demagogiisgan Tavisufal azrs kuTvnili pativi miages mxolod 1970-ani wlebis bolos.

iluziebi, iluziebis gafantva, bazarma yvelaferi moinela (da gaabazra, mTargmneli):

raRa darCa 1968 wlis maisidan 30 wlis Semdeg?

saboloo angariSiT 1968 wlis maisi motyuebulTa TamaSi iyo. yvela uaryofis kacma de golma Seasrula misi arsebobis yvelaze uaresi roli, roli wesrigis kacisa romelsac axalgazrdoba uaryofda.  Axalgazrdoba ki mieca misi azriT ganmanTavisuflebel kerpTayvanismcemlobebs da ideologiebs. aTi wlis Semdeg am xanSi Sesulma da daRvinebulma axalgazrdobam dainaxa am kerpTayvanismcemlobaTa da ideologiebis totalitaruli xasiaTi. moTamaSe da artistma, kompromisebis da kargad Senaxuli saidumloebebis adamianma miteranma akrifa narCenebi raTa 1981 wlis maisSi gadaqceuliyo 1968 wlis maisis imedebis memkvidred da mcvelad.

Kargadaa cnobili Tu ra moxda: dRevandeli ideologiuri peizaJi hgavs nangrevebiT mofenil vels sadac socialuri uimedobis fonze mefoben dabneuloba da mediaturi naRveli.

Franguli 1968 wlis maiss sabednierod ar gauCenia terorizmi  ise rogorc es iyo italiaSi, germaniaSi Tu iaponiaSi...

Ffranguli 1968 wlis maisi pirvel rigSi iyo  didi dResaswauli gaxevebuli da patriarqaluri sazogadoebis momgudveli, adamianis adamianobis warmoebis da moxmarebis funqciaze damyvani wyobis winaaRmdeg. garkveuli guluxvobiT STagonebulma axalgazrdobam gaiTamaSa revoluciis fiqcia da ver mixvda rom mas miitacebda, moinelebda da gardaqmnida sistema romelsac TiTqos ebrZoda es axalgazrdoba.

qvafenilebs qveS plaJia..» (1968):

iluziebis dakargva mZime iyo, magram 1968 wlis maisi aris sicocxlis SesaniSnavi wyurvilis manifestacia.

Mman biZgi misca evropaSi ukanaskneli  totalitarizmebis (frankizmis Tu sxva memarjvene diqtaturebis, stalinizmis Tu sxva poststalinuri reJimebis) damxobas.

1968 wlis maisis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmatebebia kulturaSi, qcevebSi, xmis amoRebis gabedvaSi, mamakacebis da qalebis Tanasworuflebianobis damyarebaSi, qalebis mier maTi avtonomiis mopovebaSi.

30 wlis Semdeg gavlil gzas afaseben mwared da ironiulad: qvafenilebis qveS kidev bevri plaJia mosanaxi.

(ase mTavrdeba Jak tarneros es saintereso wignaki «maisi 68, revolucia fiqcia», romelic parizSi gamoica 1998 wels, frangulidan Targmna giorgi marjaniSvilma).