თანამედროვეობის ფესვებთან, გარდამტეხი 1968 წელი, «განებივრებულთა ჯანყი»

gardamtexi 1968 weli, «ganebivrebulTa janyi»:

vis aRar axsovs maisi 68?  «es mouxelTebeli» viTareba de golisTvis afeTqda sruli dasaqmebis periodSi ayvavebul, wynar, obivatelur da kolonialuri omebisagan bolos da bolos ganTavisuflebul safrangeTSi. მowyenil safrangeTSi moxda pirvel rigSi oidiposuri da kulturuli gardatexa: omis Semdeg dabadebuli Taoba aRniSnavda Tavis oc wels da iwyebda laparaks ufrosi Taobebis winaaRmdeg. Zveli samyaros kedlebi Sezanzarda mTels evropaSi, laTinur amerikaSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.

Ra darCa 1968 wlis dResaswaulisgan ? 30 wlis Semde Sedegi kontrastulia. Gabatonebulma azrma gasrisa revoluciuri ocneba. devizi «yvelaferi politikuria» Secvala devizma «yvelaferi ekonomikuria». alternatiuri kultura, esoden Zvirad dapyrobili sityvis Tavisufleba waleka masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa xmaurebma. 30 wlis Semdeg saxelganTqmuli «akrZalulia akrZalva» gana ufro liberalizms ar gamoadga vidre Tavisuflebas, ufro ukanonobas vidre civizms?  yvelaferi moinela bazarma?

iluziebis dakargvis, gadaxrebis miuxedavad 1968 wlis maisis naTesebma SesaZlebeli gaxada samyaros sxvagvarad gaazreba, daaCqara qalebis mier Tanasworuflebianobis mopoveba, ekologiuri gacnobiereba planetisTvis Tu,  Semdeg, evropaSi totalitaruli sistemebis winaaRmdeg protestis gamoTqma da maTi damxoba.

wadilsa da utopias Soris: paradoqsulia magram momavali revolucia aris dRevandelobiT tqkbobis survilis da radikalurad gansxvavebuli momavali samyaros Seqmnis utopiis rTuli naerTis Sedegi.

rTi samyaros dasasruli:

simboluri TvalsazrisiT 1968 wlis maisi gardatexis momentia omis Semdgomi xanisTvis. Esa kulturuli gadasvla erTi xanidan meoreSi. safuZveli Seerya msoflmxedvelobis maorganizebel inteleqtualur sqemebs Tu politikur uTanxmoebebs.

keTildReobis miraJi:

20 wlis gaxdoma aRar iwvevs omSi gawvevis saSiSroebas. alJiris omi damTavrda 1962 wels da meore msoflio omi iseve Sors Cans rogorc pirveli. 1968 wlis axalgazrdoba dRevandelobiT da momavliT. . is moZraobs, mogzaurobs avtostopiT, ecnoba msoflios. Mmas unda ufrosi Taobebis samyarosgan gansxvavebuli samyaro. safrangeTi tkbeba am arnaxuli mSvidobiT da keTildReobiT. Yvelaferi adasturebs keTildReobis zrdas, vrceldeba farTo moxmarebis sagnebi, manqanebi, mtversasruti..., komforto «obieqtebis sistemiT»  qmnian sazogadoebis aqamde ucnob models romelsac Tanamedroveobis gansaxierebis pretenzia. dasavleTSi gaerTgvarovnebuli cxovrebis wesi aCens kulturul daaxloebas.

winsvlis da ganviTarebis qveS uaryofa:

  

usazRvro moxmarebis sazogadoeba TiTqos ar warmoadgens ganviTarebuli qveynebis axalgazrdobis ideals. amerikaSi «bit Taobis»  memkvidre studentebi ramodenime welia rac protests ucxadeben am models romelsac dasavleTi msoflios TvalSi gamohyavs gaumaZRar Rormucelad.

Miuxedavad amisa rom ekonomist Jan furasties (1907-1990) mier ocdaaT saxelovan wlad wodebuli wlebi marTlac saxelovani da saarakoa:

marTlac, meore msoflio omis Semdeg 1973 wlamde 30 weli aRniSnulia arnaxuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT da eqspansiiT, umuSevrobis done dabalia (1,8%).

Miuxedavad amisa swored 1968 wels Seiqmna romis klubi romelic gmobs dedamiwis uzomod eqsploatacias da laparakobs amis saSiSroebaze.

dasavleTis am oqros xanis fonze mesame samyaro migdebulad vgamoiyureba. am qveynebis mosaxleoba weliwadSi 2%-iT izrdeba rac orjer metia industrializebuli qveynebis mosaxleobis zrdasTan SedarebiT. Yofili koloniebi arian blokebis antagonizmSi moWyletili paikebi an wiaRiseulis rezervuarebi. Mesame samyaroSi paikebis da marionetebis meSveobiT blokebis samxedro dapirispireba dasavleTis axalgazrdobas miscems am wyobis uaryofis safuZvels. 1968 wlis maisi iuwyeba ideebis didi gadasinjvis Sesaxeb.

mexsiereba da miTebis gacveTa:

nacizmis da mis mokavSireTa dammarcxebelTa banakma 1945 wlis Semdeg dawera  Tavisi gamarjvebis saga. Politikuri asparezi gaiyves golistebma da komunistebma. Miuxedavad amisa istoriam gacviTa gmiruli miTologiebi. mSvidoba ar cudad moqmedebs meomrebze.

keTildReoba epopeis winaaRmdeg:

de golisTvis 1962 wels alJiris omis damTavrebis Semdeg scena metimsetad viwroa. V respublikis saTaveSia gmiri romelic TiTqos ekuTvnis warsuls.

Mmiuxedavad amisa didi qariSxlebis adamianisTvis yvelaferi saukeTesodaa 60-ani wlebis safrangeTSi.

keTildReoba marTlac aris, magram Csazogadoebis proeqtebis sferoSi Cans sicariele maSin rodesac sxvadasxva saqme laqebs amCnevs generalis parties saxes.

 1965 wels sayovelTao arCevnebis dros is gamoiwvia memarcxeneTa kandidatma fransua miteranma.

1967 wels golisturma umravlesobam Znelad moipova gamarjveba saparlamento arCevnebSi.

mZafri krizisebi ( gansakuTrebiT alJiris omi) TiTqos cud mogonebad darCa, umravlesobas komforti ayruebs da abrmavebs da is ver xedavs sazogadoebis did mutaciebs, axalgazrdobis ukmayofilobas da is ver grZnobs qariSxalis moaxloebas.

Bben barkas saqme, skandali de golis dros :

Orma frangma policielma 1965 wlis 29 oqtombers parizis lipis saludis win daiWires marokos saxalxo Zalebis kavSiris lideri mehdi ben barka. Mmas Semdeg is cocxali aRaravis unaxavs. Am ugvamo danaSauli damkveTi da albaT Semsrulebeli aris marokos samefos uSiSroebis ufrosi generali ufkiri. Am saqmeSi gareulebi iyvnen frangi policielebi da saidumlo samsaxurebis zogi TanamSromeli. De golis mier dagmobilma am saqmem didi xniT SebRala reJimis saxe. Golizmi Searyia sxva saqmeebmac romelsac dRes uwodeben « socialuri qonebis ukanonod gankargvas ». isini exeba umravlesobis figurebs.

Franguli komunizmi, didi dagvianeba :

1960 wlis 27 oqtombers kompartiis Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod safrangeTis studentTa erovnulma kavSirma Caatara mitingi alJirSi omis winaaRmdeg. daimsxvra « muSaTa klasis partiis » monopolia protestis gamoTqmaze. student komunistebs ar moswonT rom partia ar gmobs stalinizms da ar uWers mxars sakmarisad alJirul ajanyebas. Frang studentebs moswonT italiuri kompartiid modeli. safrangeTis studentTa erovnuli kavSiridan garicxulebi kompartiis marcxena frTaz Seqmnian pirvel radikalur politikur, trockistul da maoistur jgufebs.

Antinacisturi winaaRmdegobidan gaCenilma wesrigma, yofilma partizanebma Tu «daxvreTilTa partiis» wevrebma (komunistebma) maTi biznesSi da sxvadasxva saxis saqmianobaSi CarTvis Semdeg dakarges maTi Tavdapirveli prestiJi. indoCineTis da alJiris omebma daukarges maT ndoba axalgazrdobis TvalSi.

Oomi damTavrda:

1968 wlis maisis gageba SeuZlebeli iqneba sul ufro da ufro Zlieri winaaRmdegobebis konteqstis warmodgenis gareSe: tradicia da kulturuli mutacia, fesvgadgma 50-an da Semdeg de golis wlebSi da zurgis Seqceva am ori periodisTvis. Warsulisa da dRevandelobis am dapirispirebam gamoiwvia lamazi maisis afeTqeba.

daSlili imperia, aRdgenili safrangeTi:

dian bian fus damarcxeba da alJiris damoukidebloba daasrulebs kolonialuri istoriis orze met saukunes. Ees dastovebs Znelad Sesaxorcebel Wrilobebs. Metropoliidan gawveuli or milionze meti axalgazrda iqneba alJiruli marcxis mowme. 1958 wlis referendumiT dafuZnebuli V respublika did Zalauflebas mianiWebs saxelmwifos meTaurs. Amieridan yofil koloniebTan urTierTobebi ewyoba “Tanamegobrobis” ideis irgvliv. Sazogadoebrivi Zvrebi safrangeTSi gamoixateba soflis samyaros da wvrili komerciis krizissic. Cndebian axali Raribebi romelTac exmareba mama pieris moZraoba “emausi”. Mxolod televiziis axali saxeebi elisabed II-is dedoflad kurTxevisTvis uCenen adamianebs ocnebas 1950-ani wlebis Sua xanebSi.

evropa, axali sazRvari: 

დe golma ganacxada amieridan birTvuli iaraRis mqone safrangeTis damoukideblobis survili. safrangeTma 1966 wels dastova nato. Blokebs Soris omi isev rCeba SesaZleblobad. birTvuli muqaris wonasworobam sabWoTa kavSiris saTaveSi xruSCovis gamoCenam stabiluroba SesZina “mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas.”

E
ევropa, maS, cdilobs fexze dadgomas ormagi zewolisagan Tavis dasaRwevad.

susti wonasworobebi:

franguli ekonomikuri Zrava sargeblobs am dinamizmiT. Warmatebis simboloebia TviTmfrinavi karavela, pakeboti safrangeTi, ransis zRvis moqcevebis energiis gamomyenebeli eleqtrosadguri.

1960-ani wlebis Sua xanebisTvis frang ojaxTa naxevars aqvs erTi televizori da erTi avtomanqana. Qveynis cxovrebas amieridan ritms aZlevs xelfasiani Svebulebebis IV kvira da Svebulebebi.

Aam Rrma struqturul gardaqmnebs, am teqnologiur warmatebebs Tan axlavs krizisebi imaTTvis vinc ver axerxebs adaptacias Tu axali TaobebisTvis.

maSin rodesac acxadeben “glexTa dasasruls” (1967, anri mendrasis wignis saTauri) 20 welze naklebi asakis axalgazrdebi Seadgenen mosaxleobis mesameds da grovdebian universitetebis karebebTan. Cndeba didi socialuri gansxvavebebi. mozardTa 52% saSualo ganaTlebas iRebs 17 wlis asakSi, magram maTi 90% maRali klasebis bavSvebia.

1954 wels indoCineTis omebisa da 1962 wels alJiris omis damTavrebis Semdeg safrangeTi cxovrobs mSvidobis pirobebSi. swored am wlebSi moxda teqnologiuri, socialuri da politikuri texilebi: koloniebis dasasruli, magram xelosnebisa da glexebis krizisi, axali komforti magram Ratak meZonZeTa gaCena.

Bbebi bumis Taoba oci wlisaa:

«vimedovneb rom movkvdebi daberebamde» («Cemi algazrdoba», 1965).

1968 wlis maisi pirvel rigSi axalgazrdaTa saqmea. isini Tavs avlenen da scnoben. maTi gamoCenis pirveli niSnebi TariRdeba 1963 wliT. Gadacemam «salut Zmakac-daqalebo» parizSi nasionis moedanze joni holideis da axali kerpebo «ie-ies» irgvliv Sekriba maTi asi aTasi axalgazrda Tayvanismcemeli.

«memkvidreebi»  oci wlisani arian:

1968 wels orjer ufro meti studentia 1960 welTan SedarebiT. Miuxedavad umaRlesi ganaTlebis addemokratizaciis mcdelobisa sociologi pier burdie amaSi xedavs mxolod burJuazidan gamosuli klasebis gameorebas (“memkvidreebi”, 1964). Mmiuxedavad literaturis sferoSi studentebi SiSoben maTi profesiuli momavlis gamo. Zveli universitetis struqturebi da mentalobebi araa mzad axalmosulTa misaRebad, politikuri da universitetis xelmZRvanelTa sibrmave daaCqarebs ufro apolitikuri studenturi masis Sexvdras hiperaqtiul memarcxene radikal-eqstremistTa umciresobasTan.

srulwlovanTa samyaro ver xedavs qariSxlis moaxloebas:

1965 wels generali de goli 75 wlisaa. Isaa kaci epopeisa romelic TiTqos aRar aRelvebs axalgazrdobas.

“ai gamoCnda kargad nakveb, istoriis umecar, dovlaTian realisti, oc wels armiRweul frangTa depolitizebuli da dedramatizebuli kohorta” dawera 1963 wels ransua burisiem “literaturul siaxleebSi”.  

Mxolod ramodenime inteleqtuali Tu kiTxulobs axalgazrdobis did musikalur SekrebebSi miswrafebas raRacisken.

Sociologi edgar mora aRmosavleTis qveynebSi xedavs analogiur movlenebs romlebic emorCilebian “masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT nagebi drois suls”.

1968 wels londonSi wakiTxul moxsenebaSi antropologi Margaret ridi acxadebs :

“srulwlovanebs ar ZaluZT momxdar cvlilebaTa moneleba... bavSvebi izrdebian maTi mSoblebisTvis ucnob samyaroSi. maTi aRmzrdelia televizia…isini ekuTvnian mTel msoflios’.

Aaxalgazrdebi sazRvrebs gareSe:

 saukunis bavSvebs surT mxolod sxva samyaro. erTa, saxelmwifoTa konfliqtebi, evropuli omebi ekuTvnis maTTvis ucxo istorias. Verdenis sangrebi maTi planetis Wrilobebia. zurgCanTa da ceri zeviT, esaa msoflios sanaxavad avtostopiT mogzaurobis oqros xana. Axalgazrdebi gzas gaudgnen londonidan katmandumde, asnieridan qabulamde. Tavisuflebis, msoflios gulSi Caxutebis survils jer ara aqvs politikuri Sinaarsi. jer saWiroa ufrosTa samyarosagan ganTavisufleba. Mmoda, mokle kaba, musika, bitlzebis Tu saimonisa da garfunkelis melodiebi gamoxataven maT miswrafebebs.

                                       

inteleqtualuri peizaJebi brZolis win :

 warsuli aZlevda axalgazrdebs inteleqtualur ares, magram 1968 wlis axalgazrdebi uaryofdnen ufrosTa modelebs, maT surdaT Tavisi sakuTari Rirebulebebis gacxadeba da damkvidreba. Moixedavad amisa “axsnis Teoriuli modelebi” jer ar arsebobs da axali moazrovneebi jer ucnobebi arian.

tutanxamoni parizSi:

1967 wels patara sasaxleSi mowyobil gamofenas didi warmateba xvda wilad ( milionze meti mnaxveli). Mmagram veravin xedavs rom saSiSia sxva mumifikacia: sxvadasxva konservatizmebis mier damonebuli gaSeSebuli sazogadoeba, memarjveneebis Tu memarcxeneebis uryevi poziciebi. Msoflio moZraobs magram safrangeTi mowyenilia. xalisi TiTqos moaqvT mxolod wignebs, musikas an filmebs. “axali talRa” iuwyeba wyaldidobis Sesaxeb.

Axali kinematografi, axali koncefciebi :

   Klod Sabrolis «biZaSvilebi», «lamazi serJi», «kargi qalebi», Jan-luk godaris «bolo sunTqva», «Cineli», fransua triufos « 400 dartyma, «Jiuli da jimi», Jak rivetis «parizi Cven gvekuTvnis». 1960-ani wlebis dasawyisSi gadaRebul am filmebs fransuaz Jirum «eqspresSi» uwoda «axali talRa». ideebi moZraobs da icvleba xatebic, kinoc.

     1966 aris struqturalizmis gamorCeuli weli. Struqturalizmi iqneba modac da inteleqtualuri dezic. razea laparaki ? azris mimdinareobaze romelic upiratesobas aniWebs totalobas individTan mimarTebiT da sinqronulobas ( istoriuli evoluciis gansazRvrul momentSi gasaanalizebel faqtTa erToblioba) da faqtebis erTmaneTTan damokidebulebas vidre TavisTavad faqtebs. is morwyavs azrovnebis mTel ares. Didi mama damuZneblebis, marqsis da froidis Semdeg filosofiaSi, fsiqoanalizSi, antropologiaSi, marqsizmis kritikaSi axal Tvalsazriss sazogadoebaTa evoluciaze da individTa funqcionirebaze moxazaven klod levi-strosi, miSel fuko, lui altuseri da Jak lakani.

«Tu ki literatura araa yvelaferi is arafrad varga» Jan-pol sartri:

Alen rob-griesTan, miSel biutorTan, klod simonTan Tu natali sarotTan erTad romani ewereba “axalis” registrSi. Uxvi rogorc Teoriul eseebSi ise romanul TxrobaSi simon de bovuaris da Jan-pol sartris wyvili (romelmac uaryo nobelis premia 1964 wels) ganasaxierebs rogorc inteleqtualur brwyinvalebas ise Cabmas politikur brZolebSi.  Es wyvili wina planzea yvela brZolaSi emansipaciisTvis : alJiri «121-is mowodebiT» daumorCileblobis uflebisTvis, feminizmi, socialuri konfliqtebi. Jurnal «es Temps Modernes» (« Tanamedroveoba») iqca memarcxene inteleqtualebis, kompartiis Tanamgzavrebis Tu komunisturi modelis uarmyofelTa mTavar Jurnalad.

speqtaklis sazogadoeba:

1960-ani wlebis bolos siaxle erTdroulad teqnikuri da industriulia. Magram momavals gansazRvravs misi kulturuli Sedegebi. Televizia SesZravs frangebis damokidebulebas msofliosadmi. Misi pirveli didi politikuri varskvlavia de goli.

«frangebo damexmareT»

1961 wlis aprilSi alJeris putCis dros generalma uniformaSi televiziiT dagmo «pensioneri generlebiskvarteroni...» man televizia saukeTesod gamoiyena londonis kacis Tavisi samxedro ieri respublikis winaSe gaCenili dramatuli safrTxis dros. 1967 wels televiziam aCvena arabTa brboebi da palestinis ganTavisuflebis organizaciis imdroindeli lideri ahmed Sukeiri romelic mouwodebda ebraelTa zRvaSi gadayrisaken. Cxadia rom aman gamoiwvia izraelisadmi simpatiis refleqsi.

televizia iqca axal politikur iaraRad da telemayureblis damokidebulebas msofliosadmi gansazRvravda swored televiziis mier naCvenebi speqtakli.

«Rame mSvidobisa pawawebo!»

1960 wels televizori aqvs frangTa ojaxebis 13%-s. 1968  televizoris mqone ojaxTa raodenobam 60%-s miaRwia. 1964 wels gaCnda televiziis meore arxi, 1967 wels ki imaTTvis visac amis saSualeba aqvs-feradi televizia. gaCnda kvleva-sajaro debatis telegadacemaTa axali Janri. Marsel bluvali Tu stelio lorenci igoneben teleTeatrs Tu dramatul seriebs. 20 saaTsa da 30 wuTze Sadoksebis absurduli iumori arRvevs gabatonebul konformizms. Umagram sajaro masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs ce,tralizebulad akontrolebs franguli radios da televiziis ofisi. is emorCileba politikur xelisuflebas romelic ereva an iuwyeba Tavisi ukmayofilebis Sesaxeb.

speqtaklis sazogadoeba:

  Tanamedroveobis yalbi cnobiereba romlis gansrulebacaa yvelafris gadaqceva satelevizio suraTad gaakritikes «situacionistebma». «speqtakli aris mudmivi opiumis omi», sazogadoebis» avtorma es sazogadoeba aRwera rogorc «istoriis da mexsierebis dambla», romelic aris  «drois yalbi cnobiereba». gamoiTqva azri romlis Tanaxmadac Tanamedrove sazogadoeba daiyo speqtaklis aqtiur damdgmelebad da am speqtaklis dambladacemul an xelfexSekrul mayureblebad rac arajansaRi movlenaa.

raul vaneigemis naSromi «cxovrebis codna-gamocdileba axalgazrda Taobebis gamosayeneblad» aRwers moxmarebis sazogadoebis komfortis sibeCaves, mis fiqcias, mis xatebs da mis tyuilebs.

tradiciuli kinosgan ganze gamdgarma Jan-liuk godarma kinematografs misca aqamde ucnobi gemo da WeSmariteba: didi warmateba xvdaT wilad «piero gijs» (1965) da «bolo sunTqva» (1960) rac mowmobs ganaxlebis survilis Sesaxeb.

(isic unda aRiniSnos rom 1960-an wlebSi Zalian aqtiuri da popularuli situacionizmi iyo dasavluri marqsizmis mimdinareoba. wigni «speqtaklis sazogadoebis» avtori mwerali, mxatvari-avangardisti da filosofosi gi debori (1931-1994) erT dros iyo trockistuli memarcxene-radikaluri jgufi «socializmi an barbarosobas» wevri, situacionisturi internacionalis Semqmneli da Teoretikosi. Mmisi mtkicebiT socialuri revoluciis winapiroba da safuZvelia adamianis cnobierebaSi momxdari revolucia. mTargmneli).  

warmoSobiT germanelma amerikelma filosofosma herbert markuzem (1898-1979) Seqmna marqsizmis da fsiqoanalizis irgvliv agebuli koncefcia industriuli sazogadoebebisTvis.

cecxlis xana:

1967 wels msoflio hgavs amoxeTqil vulkans. sabWoTa kavSiri TiTqos gaSeSda stalinis Semdgom gamyinvarebaSi, revoluciuri modelebi gaiyo kubas da pekins Soris. Havana iqca Zveli samyaros yvela uarmyofelis babilonis koSkad. evropaSi radikalma memarcxeneebma warmateba yvelaze metad studentur wreebSi naxes.

Qqarebi aRmosavleTidan, qari dasavleTidan:

poloneTSi, CexoslovakiaSi studenti axalgazrdoba gamodis quCaSi Tavisuflebisaken Tavisi miswrafebis da stalinizmisagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli sistemis winaaRmdeg protestis gamosaxatavad. maT undaT moskovisadmi morCilebis gareSe gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis uflebis mopoveba.

dasavleTis axalgazrdoba dargeblobs am demokratiuli TavisuflebebiT da gamoxatavs radikaluri cvlilebis bundovan survils: magiur sityvad iqca sityva revolucia (magram romeli?). is ufro romantiulia vidre politikuri.

Dda es axali qari qris amerikis SeerTebuli Statebidan. Amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ukve iyo didi antirasistuli Sekrebebi samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis. 1960 wels jon kenedis arCeva axal kavSirs daamyarebs axalgazrdobasTan. Mmisi mkvleloba 1963 wels, martin luTer kingis mkvleloba 1968 wels da Semdeg vietnamis dabombvebis dawyeba lindon jonsonis mier gawyveten kavSirs axalgazrdebTan.

Berklis universitetis studentebi 1965 wlidan ikribebian warmoeb-moxmarebis sistemis mier damonebuli maTi sazogadoebrivi sistemis da vietnamSi Tu laTinur amerikaSi maTi qveynis politikis winaaRmdeg. Herbert markuzes filosofiiT da hipiTa axalSobili moZraobiT STagonebuli es protesti jer uaryofs Zaladobas.

Hhipebis devizi:Q”qeni siyvaruli da nu izam oms”:

1963 wlidan ganuwyvetlad izrdeba vietnamSi gagzavnili amerikeli jariskacebis raodenoba. 185 000 kaci 1965 wels, 485 000 kaci 1967 wels. politika Sevida amerikis studentur kampusebSi. Joan baezi Tu leonard koheni simReriT gamoTqvamen protests am omis winaaRmdeg. vietnami iqca amerikuli bombdamSenebi b 52-iT gansaxierebuli mastodontisTvis winaaRmdegobis gamwevi patara qveynis simbolod. Aamerikelebi Tavis teleekranebze xedaven napalmiT damwvari bavSvebis Tu yumbarebiT daglejili sxeulebis amsaxvel Semzarav kadrebs.

Aamave dros kaliforniis gubernatorad xdeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis momavali prezidenti respublikeli ronald reigani. Reigani wamoiwyebs konservatuli amerikis Setevas amerikeli axalgazrdobis winaaRmdeg. Mmas surs “mkacrad brZola berkliSi seqsis, narkotikis da Ralatis winaaRmdeg”. Keruakis Tu ginzbergis TaobisTvis esaa uZlieresi Soki.

“ aris mtkivneuli sinamdvile: vietnami, mTeli daviwyebuli samyaros imedebis ganmasaxierebeli eri, is traRikulad martoa.” ( Ernesto gevara, metsaxelad Ce (1928-1967), 1967 wlis maisSi havanaSi warmoTqmuli sityvidan).

winaaRmdegoba, anti-imperializmi…erTi da igive brZolaa! alJiris omis Semdeg axalgazrdobis aRSfoTebis mobilizacia moaxdina vietnamis omma. vietnamelma glexma warmosaxvaSi Secvala “felaxas” brZola kolonizaciis winaaRmdeg. Axalgazrda evropelebis, gansakuTrebiT frangebis, azriT faSizmis winaaRmdeg brZola dakavSirebulia antiimperialistur brZolebTan.

E1960-an wlebs STaagonebs kapitalisturi da stalinisturi

ganmanTavisuflebel brZolebSi, CarTuli, gansakuTrebiT alJiris damoukideblenobis mxardamWeri axalgazrdoba Tavidan aris antifaSisturi da antiimperialisturi ganwyobis da misi sakuTari ideologia jer kidev Sesaqmnelia.

rodesac safrangeTi mowyenilia:

nanteris axali universiteti parizis dasavleT gareubanSi 1967 wlis gazafxulze ganicdis ciklur mRelvarebas. studentebma moiTxoves saerTosacxovrebelSi gogonebis da biWunebis Senobebs Soris Tavisufali moZraobis ufleba.

qariSxlebis zona SeumCnevlad miuaxlovda evropas. studenturi cieb-cxeleba moedo berlins, londons, madrids da varSavasac ki.  Mmiuxedavad amisa maSin rodesac germaneli radikal-eqstremisti memarcxeneebi ukve Zalian aRelvebuli arian safrangeTi odnav, Zlivs SesamCnevad TrTolavs. nanterSi Tu parizis laTinur kvartalSi erTmaneTs regularulad ubaTquneben memarcxene radikali da jgufi “dasavleTis” radikali memarjvene studentebi.

rodesac axalgazrdoba mowyenilia...

“ dRes Cvens sazogadoebriv cxovrebas axasiaTebs mowyeniloba. Ffrangebi mowyenilebi arian. isini aranairad ar monawileoben Cveni samyaros SemZvrel konvulsiebSi

ვietnamis omi aRelvebs, magram ar exeba…laTinuri amerikis partizanuli omebi da kubis gzneba erT xans modaSi iyo, magram esla isini mxolod memarcxene sociologis praqtikuli samuSaoebia...

Axalgazrdoba mowyenilia. studentebi awyoben manifestaciebs, moZraoben ibrZvian espaneTSi, italiaSi, belgiaSi, amerikaSi... maT hgoniaT rom raRac unda daipyron, rom viRacas unda gaagonon raRac protesti, sul mcire absurdulobis gancda unda daupirispiron absurdulobas.

Ffrang studenetebs aintersebT SeuZliaT Tu ara nanteris Tu antonis gogonebs biWunebis oTaxebSi Tavisuflad Sesvla rac adamianis uflebebis ramdenadme SezRuduli koncefciaa.

rac Seexeba axalgazrda muSebs isini eZeben da ver pouloben samuSaos.

yvelanair politikosTa muStikrivi da deklaraciebi am axalgazrdebs saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi acinebs da uares SemTxvevaSi maT es usargeblo hgoniaT.

“generali de goli mowyenilia”:

sawyali Sarl de goli
სafrangeTis televiziiT,1968

“man namdvilad daifica rom gazrdida qrizantemebs. Aba sxva ra hqonda gasakeTebeli? is xmadabla xvneSis TanamoqalaqeTa borotebisa da Rorobis gamo. Mxolod ramodenime aseuli aTasi frangi araa mowyenili : qxvadasxva asakis umuSevrebi, progresis mier gasresili glexebi, yvelas mier mitovebuli moxucebi... da isini awyenen, Tavs abezreben yvelas...

Gana aris ki sxva arCevani garda arCevanisa  apaTiasa da areulobas, uZraobasa   da  qariSxals Soris?

Frangebma xSirad aCvenes rom maT uyvardaT cvlileba cvlilebis gulisTvis... memarcxeneebis mosvla xelisuflebaSi dRevandel reJimze ufro saxaliso iqneba?...

veraferi Sendeba enTuziazmis gareSe. Politikis namdvili mizani araa sazogado keTildReobis rac SeiZleba naklebad marTva… misi namdvili mizania xalxis winamZRoloba, miswrafebaTa, ocnebaTa waxaliseba... Tundac garkveuli janjRaris fasad... gzneba da fantasia iseve aucilebelia rogorc bedniereba da ekonomikuri keTildReoba...

Aanestezias SeuZlia dauZlurebis gamowveva, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, es cnobilia, mowyenilobam SeiZleba moklas qveyana” (pier vianson ponte, franguli gazeTi “le mond”, 1968 wlis marti).

1968 wlis mაrtSi pier vanson-pontes analizi swori iyo, is Secda prognozSi, misi werili moaxdens gavlenas.

 1968-3: roki, boli da janyi!

    bitnikebi, bitlzebi, rolingstonebi:

 “sityva “bit”-is warmoSoba ucnobia, magram amerikelTa umravlesobas kargad esmiT misi mniSvneloba. dauZlurebaze metad is gulisxmobs cocxlad gatyavebis gancdas...” (jon klelon holms, niu iork taims megezin, 1952 wlis 16 noemberi).

  soflios DSecvlis survils aucileblad sWirdeba ritmebi, melodiebi da boli. 1968 wlis gasagebad arasakmarisia marto politikuri da socialuri ganzomilebis analizi. Uunda gagebuli iyos mimdinare kulturuli aurzauric. erT-erTi pirveli kulturuli aqseleratori iyo musika aRTqmul miwebad kaliforniasa Tu inglisTan erTad. 

  Jek keruaki ( 1922-1969), uiliam s. burugs,i, alen ginsbergi (Zveli ruseTidan amerikaSi gadasaxlebuli kacisa da gagiJebuli, sagiJeTSi damwyvdeuli ubeduri amerikeli komunisti qalis Svili, rogorc masze ambobdnen “ebraeli, homoseqsuali da geniosi » lideri, poeti, narkomani, scenaze tanisamosis gareSe gamosvlis moyvaruli artisti, mTargmneli), nil kesadi arian kontr-kulturis amerikeli winaprebi. Es kontr-kultura safrangeTSi ifeTqebs 1968 wlis maisis irgvliv.

ogzaurebi, poetebi Tu musikosebi, isini uaryofen puritanuli, segregacionistuli da konservatuli amerikis makartizms. cieb-cxeleba, gza, tripi amfimetaminebiT (amfetamini-centraluri nervuli sistemis aRmgznebi wamali), saaTSi 110 miliT, aris sinamdvilis transformaciis amdeni manera.. jek keruakis romani «gzaze» (1957) aris amis pirveli sajaro gamoxatva.

gabatonebuli socialuri wesrigisa da misi pirferobisTvis protestis gamosacxadeblad am iniciatorTa irgvliv Seiqmna mTeli kulturuli moZraoba. alen ginzbergis « bRavili da sxva leqsebi» (1956) aris grZeli poema romelic avlens amerikuli sazogadoebis siuxeSisa da gaumaZRrobis pirispir mdgari adamianis miswrafebas marginalobisken.«isev gzaze»:

am samyaros uaryofa aseve aris halucinaciebis momgvreli narkotikebisa da lsd-s gamocdac. Timoti liri aris indielTa filosofiis da ekologiis sinkretuli narevi fsiqedeluri mimdinareobis wamomwyebi. swored am suliskveTebiT daupirispirdeba gabatonebul atmosferos julian bekis «living Teatri». am texils misdeveb bit mxatvrobac da bit musikac. jekson poloki (1912-1956), roi lixtensteini Tu endi varholi (1928-1987) sxvadasxva mxatvruli stiliT monawileoben mxatvrobaSi zogad moZraobaSi. «iatakqveSa kofi hauzebSi» da folki gadaseravs amerikas da gavlenas moaxdens evropul axalgazrdul musikaze.

   roki, boli da janyi:

bitlzebis simRerebs eqstazSi agdebs da gonebis dakargvamde mihyavs gogonebi, biWunebi da mozardebi imitom rom bitlzebi rCebian axalgazrdul da mxiarul tonalobaSi gadametebuli provokaciisTvis mimarTvis gareSe.

Rolingstonebi da jgufis solisti mik jageri mimarTaven bevrad ufro uxeS ukanonobas da erTmaneTs uzaveben seqss, narkotiks da Zaladobas.

bit Taobisgan gaCenili moZraoba garegnulad apolitikuria, magram is uaryofs burJuaziuli (da masTan erTad tradiciuli, mTargmneli) sazogadoebis Rirebulebebs. Amis apogea iqneba 1968 wlis giganturi Sekreba vudstokSi

bit Taoba Tavisi sigiJeebiT, Tavisi Zaladobis gamomricxveli utopiebiT Tu Tavisi poeziiT STaagonebs mTel kontr-kulturas da Semdeg 1970-ani wlebis kulturas ( magram tradiciuli sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa sruli uaryofis atmosferom gaaCina fexmZime kinomsaxiobi Saron teitis mkvleli «ieso-satana» Carlz mensonis seqtis msgavsi da naklebad msgavsi urCxulebic, amaze es  kargi wignaki arafers ambobs, mTargmneli).

1960-ani wlebisTvis amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da inglisSi daiwyo stilebis revolucia. is iqneba 1968 wlis evropul saprotesto moZraobebTan erTad. Bbit Taoba, bitlzebi da Semdeg rolingstonsi ritms miscemen, daxataven an ugaloben Zveli samyaros uaryofas.

zogisTvis,vinc oci wlisaa 1960-ani wlebis Sua xanebSi, sityva revolucia ar daiyvaneba Teoriuli analizis sityvebze Tu marqsis (1818-1883) gadainjvaze  luis altuseris (1918-1990) mier.

debre, firki, goldmani, kritikis iaraRi :

ar arsebobs revolucia qmedebis, moqmedebaze gadasvlis, sicocxlis safrTxeSi Cagdebis gareSe. miSel firki, reJis debre da pier goldmani warmoadgenen sxvebze adre gzaze gamdgarebis sam sxvadasxva da axlo marSruts.

  miSel firki:

is xuTi wlis asakSi dedasTan erTad gadaurCa viSis policiis mier ebraelebis devnas safrangeTSi. bavSvobaSi miRebuli am travmis irgvliv aigeba pirovneba imisa vinc gaxdeba alJiris erovnuli ganTavisuflebis frontis damxmare. safrangeTis komunisturi parties wevri miSel firki iqneba kinokritikosi “pozitivSi”.  alJirSi da Semdeg kubaSi yofnis Semdeg is aRafrTovana Ce gevaram romelmac gadawyvita kunZulis datoveba sxvagan revoluciebis mosawyobad. 

arizuli maisis pirveli dReebis mowme qalbatonma miSel firkma gadawyvita wasvla gvatemalaSai sadac is SeuerTda organizacias “SeiaraRebuli revoluciuri Zalebi”. Aam organizaciam mokla amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis elCi.

qalbatonma miSel firkma Tavi moikla 1968 wlis 7 seqtembers, rodesac misi dapatimreba moindoma policiam.

31 wlisam man datova werili: “samarcxvinoa vietnamze laparaki cxovrebis Seucvlelad, laparaki partizanul omebze laTinur amerikaSi iseve rogorc laparakoben joni holideis simRerebze”.

reJis debre:

axalgazrda reJis debrem sakuTari Tavi gamoscada alJiris erovnuli ganTavisuflebis frontis mxardaWeriT. is kubaSi Cavida 1961 wels “kubis dResaswaulSi” monawileobis misaRebad. Mman iq naxa 1968 wlis maisis liderTa umravlesoba. is akvirdeba revoluciis mSeneblobas da sami Tve cxovrobs kubas sierra maestraSi.  safrangeTSi dabrunebuli reJis debre ver itans gansxvavebas Teoriul “marqsologiasa” da mis mier laTinur amerikaSi nanaxs Soris. Trikonentalur konferenciaze kubaSi miwveulma reJis debrem Tavisi analizi gamoaqveyna werilSi «revolucia revoluciaSi».

Ce gevarasTan erTad boliviaSi Casuli reJis debre boliviis armiam daiWira 1967 wels. mas miusajes 30 wlis patimroba,, magram gaanTavisufles 1970 wlis dekemberSi. reJis debre aris ocnebebisa da denTis am wlebis saintereso analitikosi.

 pier goldmani:

1960-ani wlebis axalgazrdobis nawilis erT-erTi emblematuri figura. is daibada meore msoflio omis dasasrulisTvis da nakvebi iyo moTxrobebiT vaJkacobaze Tu ebraelTa martvilobaze da dumilze am martvilobis Sesaxeb. poloneli emigranti ebraeli komu nistebis es Svili eZebs misi mTeli arsebiT mSTanTqmelis brZolas da revoluciur gznebas. is gaafTrebiT erTveba muSti-krivSi radikali da eqstremisti memarjveneebis winaaRmdeg... is gulgrilia 1968 wlis barikadebis mimarT. isini mas sasacilo da groteskuli hgonia.

is midis laTinur amerikaSi partizanul omSi monawileobis misaRebad.

parizSi dabrunebuli is daiWires ramodenime ZarcvaSi monawileobisa da 1974 wels ori farmacevti qalis mkvlelobis gamo. Mmas miusajes samudamo patimroba, magram is gaamarTles ganmeorebiTi sasamarTlos dros. is mokles parizSi 1979 wels.

pier goldmani,”Crdilis Zma”

“bavSvobisagan gankurneba SeuZlebelia”, dawera pier goldmanma Tavis avtobiografiul moTxrobaSi “safrangeTSi dabadebuli poloneli ebraelis bundovani mogonebebi” (1975). Esaa am Taobaze metyveli erT-erTi yvelaze STambeWdavi mowmoba.

wina Taobis antinacisturi winaaRmdegobis Tu alJiris omis Sesaxeb wina Taobis mier moyolili miTebis miRma 1968 wlis xalxi Tavis sakuTar sivrces eZebs alJirSi, laTinur amerikaSi, kubaSi.

revolucioneris samSobloa revolucia da Tavis safrTxeSi Cagdeba mowmobs pasuxismgeblobis aRebaze.

1968-4: amerikeli mteri vietnamidan Sors

inteleqtualebi elises sasaxleSi:

safrangeTSi radikali memarcxene studentebi 1968 wels mobilizebulebi arian “vietnamis komitetebis” irgvliv. 1979 wels sazogadoebrivi azris mobilizaciis mizniT Jan-pol sartri da raimon aroni mivlen elises sasaxleSi. maT undaT rom safrangeTi daexmaros vietnamidan ltolvilebs.

amerikeli mteri vietnamidan Sors:

1954 wlis Semdeg, indoCineTis omis damTavrebisa da safrangeTis gamosvlis Semdeg, vietnami gayofilia orad : CrdiloeTiT demokratiul respublikas mxars uWeren sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi da samxreT vietnams mxars uWers aSS romelic masSi xedavs bastions komunizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

 Aapokalifsi exla:

CrdiloeT vietnamis socialisturi respublika ho Si minis xelmZRvanelobiT mxars uWers prokomunistur vietkongs romelic ebrZvis samxreT vietnamis korumpirebul da vaSingtonis daxmarebis mqone mTavrobas. Tavidan amerikelebi samxreT vietnams exmarebian teqnikuri saSualebebiT, Semdeg saigonis, samxreT vietnamis dedaqalaqis  jars exmarebian aSS-s specialuri Zalebis mrCevlebi. 1963 wels, jon kenedis mkvlelobis dros, vietnamSi aris daaxloebiT 16000 amerikeli mrCeveli. Llindon jonsonma gadawyvita CrdiloeT vietnamis gasresa superbombdamSeni b 52-ebiT da gaaZliera omi. “binZurma omma” sxva saxe miiRo amerikel jariskacTa masiur CarevasTan erTad. 500 000-ze meti amerikeli jariskacis gamoCena vietnamSi moaxdens am omis winaaRmdeg saprotesto moZraobaTa mobilizacias.

   H”ho,ho, ho Si min!”

  maSin rodesac vietnamelebi ikvrebian vietkongis irkvliv amerikuli yofnis winaaRmdeg aSS-s jarebis guneba-ganwyobileba gafuWda: narkotiki da umizezo Zaladoba samoqalaqo mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg saxels utexavs amerikul armias. 1968 wlis martSi mai laiSi 347 samoqalaqo piris mokvla leitenant kelis brZanebiT  da amerikuli presis da televiziis mier gavrcelebuli es ambevi omis sawinaaRmdegod ganawyoben amerikul sazogadoebriv azrs da gansakuTrebiT studentur kampusebs. Joan baezi, bob dilani, brius springstini simRerebiT gmoben am uazro oms romelSic amerikelebi iRupebian ise rom arc ician Tu ratom. Amerikuli intervenciisadmi mtruli ganwyoba evropaSi ufro radikalurs xdis uamisodac radikalur memarcxene moZraobebs.  Amerikas acxadeben rogorc damnaSaves

xalxebis winaaRmdeg.

G(gamxecebuli Jan-pol sartri yviris: “ antikomunisti ZaRlia!”, mTargmneli)

Ooci wlis Semdeg rembo, igive silvestr stalone cdilobs Rirsebis gadarCenas kinoSi da damarcxebis sinamdvilis gardaqmnas gamarjvebul fiqciad, rogorc amas ambobda 1985-1987 wlebSi Ronald reiganis devizi “amerika dabrunda”.

  “ori, sami, mravali vietnamis Seqmna!»

  «progresistuli samyaros solidaroba vietnamis xalxTan mwared ironiulad hgavs plebsis mier gladiatorTa gamxnevebas romaul cirkSi. Agresiis msxverplisaTvis gamrjvebis survili ki ara misi Tanadgomaa saWiro, misi bedis gaziarebaa saWiro sikvdilSi Tu gamarjvebaSi. imperializmi damnaSave agresoria da misi danaSaulebi uzomoa... martoa Tu ara erTmaneTTan maCxubara saxelmwifoebs Soris moqceuli vietnami ? ra didia es xalxi ! ra amtania is da ra mamaci! ra gakveTilia msofliosTvis misi brZola!

  SevqmnaT ori, sami, mravali vietnami, ai devizi!» (ernesto gevara, metsaxelad Ce (1928-1967), 1967 wlis maisi).

  Odapirispireba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier vietnamSi warmoebuli omTan aris 1968 wlis yvela krizisisTvis biZgis mimcemi faqtori. . amerikuli televiziiT naCvenebi es konfliqti Sedis yovel amerikul ojaxSi da es konfliqti iqceva zesaxelmwifos pawawuna xalxis winaaRmdeg agresiis simbolod.

 1968 wlis 22 marts parizSi samxreT vietnamis momxre raRac gamofenas Tavs esxmian maoistebis mier Seqmnili samxreT vietnamis komitetebi…

«apokalifsi exla» vietnamSi omis sawinaaRmdego plakati.

 laTinuri amerika, Ces modeli:

 Ce gevara iqca revoluciur miTad. Argentineli Caeba kubis revoluciaSi da gaxda fidel kastros amxanagi. is midis revoluciis gasavrceleblad msoflioSi. 1967 wlis 9 oqtomber misma mokvlam boliviaSi sanimuSo adamiani gadaaqcia legendarul gmirad. Misi “qristuli figuriT” es “geriliero heroiko” amieridan asvenia adamianTa TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolTa panTeonSi.

  mogzauroba motocikletiT laTinur amerikaSi:

maSin rodesac 23 wlis argentineli Ernesto gevara iwyebs mogzaurobas samxreT amerikaSi man jer ar icis rom es mogzauroba gardaqmnis mis cxovrebas. Progresistebis ojaxidan gamosuli asTmiT daavadebuli bavSvi xedavs laTinur amerikas, mis usamarTlobebs, socialur Zaladobas. is xdeba eqimi. gvatemalaSi Casvlisas is xdeba amerikuli Zalebis mier polkovniki arbenc guzmanis progresistuli reJimis gasresis mowme. is garbis mexikoSi Tavis peruel megobar hildasTan erTad. 1955 wlis ivlisSi fidel kastrosTan sexvedris Semdeg is gadaiqceva “Ced”. Fidel kastro mas aiyvans eqimad revoluciur eqspediciaSi romelic midis kubis amerikeli tristebis da gangsterebis saroskipod gadamqcevi diqtatori batistas dasamxobad.

“hasta la viqtoria, siempre!» ( «gamarjvebamde, mudam!») :

1956 wlis noemberSi gemma «granmam» 82 partizani gadasxa kubaSi. sierra maestraSi 25 Tve mogzaurobisa da brZolebis Semdeg “komandante” Ce gevaras jgufma gaimarjva santa klaras brZolaSi. Batista gaiqca. Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdes fidel kastrom da misme “barbudosebma” ( wverosnebma). Revolucia damkvidrda, maSin rodesac amerikelebis mier mxardaWerilma kontrrevoluciurma agresiam kuba gadaagdo sabWoTa kavSiris banakSi.

rewvelobis ministrma Ce gevaram ganacxada: “komunizmma unda Seqmnas axali adamiani. Tu is amas ar gaakeTebs uazro iqneba”.

Ce gevaras ar yofnis kuba. Mmisi samSobloa revolucia, alJirSi, urugvaiSi, kongoSi da gaeros tribunidan is moiTxovs laTinuri amerikis ganTavisuflebas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikuri uRlisagan.

didi gaxelili Tvalebi :

1966 wlis ianvarSi havanaSi imarTeba aziis, afrikis da laTinuri amerikis trikontinentaluri konferencia. Ces ar daucdia amisTvis. Mmas ar yofnida Tavisi oficialuri roli, is CamoSorda sabWoTa models ukve erTi welia rac wasuli iyo sxva frontebze. Mas undoda sxvadasxva kerebSi “ori, sami, bevri vietnamis” Seqmna.

1966 wels 80 partizanTan erTad is Cavida boliviaSi. Mmas SeuerTda axalgazrda frangi inteleqtuali reJis debre.

boliviis komunisturma partiam, studentebma Tu maRaroelebma ar dauWires mxari Ce gevaras. Mmis jgufs alya Semoartyes mniSvnelovanma Zalebma da generali barientosis samxedroebs exmareba aSS-s centraluri sadazvervo sammarTvelo. Ce gevara tyved aiyvanes 1967 wlis 8 oqtombers. Mmisi daxvretis brZaneba gasca aSS-s elCma. SeSinebul jariskacs romelsac is unda moekla Cem uTxra : « mesrole, nu geSinia, mesrole!» 39 wlis wlis Ce gevara Ria TvalebiT gardaicvala. noemberSi Ce gevaras parizSi gamoemSvidobnen. mutualiteSi Sekrebilebi mRerodnen: «mSvidobiT amxanago, mSvidobiT keTilSobilo gulo».

kuba tropikuli gulagi?

Ce gevaras figura dakavSirebulia kubas revoluciasTan, magram Ces revoluciuri asketizmi da romantizmi ver dafaravs imas Tu rad gadaiqca kuba gansakuTrebiT amerikuli blokadis Sedegad. Seiqmna stalinuri modelis totalitaruli reJimi romelic guloisxmobs fidel kastros, «lider maqsimos» pirovnebis kults. Fidel kastrom ki fizikurad mospo Tavisi uZvelesi TanamebrZolebi.

«yovelTvis gvqondes didi Tavmdabloba da gviyvardes samarTlianoba da WeSmariteba raTa ar gavixlarToT eqstremistul dogmebSi... unda vibrZoloT imisTvis rom kacobriobis es siyvaruli gadaiqces samagaliTi mniSvnelobis mqone konkretul faqtebad da moqmedebebad» (Ce gevara,1966).

wveriani da grZelTmiani,  robin gudi varskvlaviani beretiT iqceva damcirebulTa samsaxurSi mdgari mebrZoli partizanis modelad. Misi dacema boliviis specialur samsaxurebTan brZolaSi aanTebs idealis maZiebel mTel Taobas. Ce gevaras legendam moaRwia dRemde.

germania: rudi duCke Springeris winaaRmdeg :

meore msoflio omis Semdeg orad gayofili Germania aris or blokad gayofili msoflios simboluri adgili. Aam gayofis garda ufros Taobas pasuxs sTxovs 1960-anis Sua xanebSi oci wlis germaneli axalgazrdoba. is Tvlis rom demokratia dasavleTSi mxolod niRabia.

berlinis kedeli anu orad gayofili evropa

1961 wlis 12-13 agvistos RamiT aRmosavleT germaniis policiam berlinis ori seqtoris erTmaneTisgan gamosayofad kilometrebze daayena mavTulxlarTebis Robe. 1965 wels ki iq iyo 25 kilometris sigrZis kedeli. isi meTvalyure gasamxedroebuli policia xocavs yvelas visac unda dasavleTSi gadasvla. “ me berlineli var”, Tqva 1963 wlis ivnisSi Casulma prezidentma kenedim. Aaman gaaZliera dapirispirebul blokebSi CarCenilebis erTianobis da Sexvedris survili.

aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi qris protestis qari romelic uaryofs komunistur wesrigs. poloneTSi da CexoslovakiaSi studentebi da inteleqtualebi aryeven Zvel stalinur wyobas.

wiTeli rudi :

misi politikuri marSruti mokle iyo. is avlen dasavleT evropaSi da gansakuTrebiT germaniaSiomis bolos dabadebuli Taobebis wadilebis, iluziebs da imedgacruebebs.

Zlieri pirovneba, is sociologias swavlobda berlinSi. 1965 wels is wavida berklis amerikul universitetSi raTa moesmina alternatiuli kulturis mimdevarTa saTayvano herbert markuzes leqciebi.

1967 wels dabrunebis Semdeg is gaxda germaniis federatiuli resspublikis parlamentis gareTa opoziciis varskvlavi.  imave wlis 2 ivniss policiam mokla erTi student, iranis Sahis Casvlis winaaRmdeg gamarTuli manifestaciis monawile.  Semdeg, 1968 wlis 11 aprils rudi duCke mZimed daWra radikalurad memarjvene muSam. Springeris jgufis presas bralad dasdes duCkes siZulvilis gaRviveba da am jgufis winaaRmdeg moewyo didi aqciebi. parizSi mxardamWerTa manifestaciebs saTaveSi Caudgnen nanteris studentebi.

“studenturi internacionali”:

1968 wlis dasawyisSi aTasobiT studentma solidaroba gamoucxada maRaroelTa gaficvebs. isini Tveebis manZilze upirispirdebian frankos policiur reJims da aqciebs atareben marqsistebis da qristianebis gamaerTianebel iatakveSa organizaciebTan, muSaTa komisiebTan erTad. italiaSi studentebi mobilizebulebi arian fiatis muSebisTvis mxaris dasaWerad. holandiaSi moZraoba “provo” upirispirdeba socialur kodeqsebs da konformizmebs, masxrad igdebs samefo ojaxs da mis fufnebas aTasobiT axalgazrdas gamaerTianebel manifestaciebSi. meqsikaSi studenturi protesti Caqreba 1968 wlis seqtemberSi, maSin rodesac mas sisxlSi CaaxrCobs samxedro represiebi.

germaniaSi istebliSmentis klasikuri partiebi diskreditirebulni Canan da studenturi moZraobis memarcxene frTa CaerTveba parlamentsgareTa opoziciaSi. socialist studentTa moZraobis lideria rudi duCke, metsaxelad “rudi wiTeli”. Mmisi mteria jgufi Springeris presa.

1968 wlis maisis Semdeg Cndebian revoluciuri SeiaraRebuli jgufebi (mag. andreas baaderis wiTeli armiis nawili-« raf », Tu ori ivnisis moZraoba).

asavlur-germanuli, italiuri Tu iaponuri terorizmebis wyaro SeiZleba iyos wina Taobis mier datovebuli Zaladobis memkvidreoba.

atmosfero wiTelia:

vropis yvela dedaqalaqSi axalgazrdebi swavloben revoluciur ideas. axalgazrdaTa erTgvari internacionali ikvreba kapitalizmis Rirebulebebze agebuli burJuaziuli wesrigis uaryofis ideisa da mesame samyarosTvis misi kuTvnili adgilis dabrunebis proeqtis irgvliv.

revoluciuri eliqsiri:

1968 weli aris Sedegi sinTezisa sadac erTmaneTs erevian marqsi da froidi, lenini da trocki, stalini da Ce gevara, raixi da mao, markuze da giapi.  Ppolitizebuli memarcxene studentebi safrangeTis studentTa mTavari profkavSiris, safrangeTis studentTa erovnuli kavSiris wevrebi arian. Aam kavSirma bevri ibrZola alJirSi omis winaaRmdeg.

memercxeneebSi batonobs marqsizmi da brZolis adgili bunebrivad aris komunisturi partia.

magram studenti komunistebi upirispirdebian safrangeTis kompartiis xelmZRvanelobas da amboben rom is arasakmarisad amxels da gmobs stalinizms. safrangeTis kompartiis maSindeli xelmZRvaneli moris torezi safrangeTis studentebis erovnul kavSirs uZaxis de golis mier daqiravebul organizacias.

safrangeTis komunisti studentebis kavSiri STagonebulia palmiro toliatis italiis kompartiis italiuri modeliT. toliati ki qadagebs sabWoTa modelisadmi daumorCilebel socialistur « policentrizms ». student komunistTa italiuri tendencia iqceva mduRare ideebis adgilad.

aRaraa mxolod proletariatis diqtaturis sakiTxi. Skolebis quCis gabolil kafe CampoSi laparakoben da kamaToben seqszec, axal romanzec, ojaxis dagegmvazec da luis altuserzec. iq xedaven bernar kuSners, serJ Jiulis, pier goldmans, Jan Salits, miSel-antuan burnies, andre seniks…

Taoba revolucia:

safrangeTis kompartiis xelmZRvanelobis mier student komunistTa kavSirSi literaturis seqtoris daSlam biZgi misca trockistuli da maoisturi dajgufebebis Seqmnas. Ees jgufebi Sedgeba weraqvis ostaturad momxmarebeli da mcodne brwyinvale studentebisgan romlebsac mTeli guliT da suliT surT «xalxur masebTan» dakavSireba. maTi wminda wignia marqsis «kapitali», maTi «wmindanebia» marqsis «mociqulebi» (mag altuseri misi wigniT « marqsisTvis»). Aranaklebad mimzidvelia naklebad Teoriuli antifaSizmi.

esaa wina politikuri Taobis Svili da mis winaaRmdeg nagebi axali politikuri Taobis gaCena. studentTa mravali lideria nacizms gadarCenilTa Taobidan gamosuli ebraeli. isini ar ebraeloben vinaidan STanTqmulebi arian revoluciuri problemebiT. 1967 wels, izraelelebis da palestinelebis eqvsdRiani omis dros, zogi maTgani wava izraelSi, magram ramodenime wlis Semdeg isini aqtiurad dauWeren mxars palestinelebs. Mmaxlobeli aRmosavleTis konfliqti gaaCens farul da saidumlo Wrilobas.

mTeli axalgazrdobis mamoZravebeli Zalaa revoluciuri miTi. vietnami aris misi simboluri avangardi. Aamerikis SeerTebuli Statebia misi mosisxle mteri. Martizanuli omis Cveneba aTrTolebs yvela fantazias.  Am axalgazrdebis azriT yvela burJua faSistia da yvela policieli eseseli...

  1968-5: praRa, gazafxuli:

  aRmosavleTSi sabWoTa kavSiris vasalebis poststalinuri reJimebis simZime autaneli gaxda. sabWoTa kavSiri breJnevis xelmZRvanelobiT ixureba rogorc arasdros da SeSdeba. miuxedavad imisa rom civi omis yvelaze agresiuli gamovlinebebi rbildeba moskovs ar unda satelitebis gaSveba xelidan.

   atmosferos autaneli simsubuqe:

   1964 wlidan praRaSi qris Tavisuflebis sio. is autanelia Cexoslovakiis kompartiis xelmZRvaneli stalinuri gvardiisTvis da gansakuTrebiT kremlisTvis romelic ver itans mis satelitTa qamarSi bzarebis gaCenas. 1964 wlis maisSi praRaSi sami aTasi studenti awyobs manifestacias diqtaturis winaaRmdeg. Cexoslovakiis kompartiis SigniT rogorc respublikis prezident iseve kompartiis pirvel mdivan antonin novotnis upirispirdeba liberalTa jgufis lideri aleqsandr dubCeki.   axali studenturi manifestaciebi 1967 wlis bolos gamoiwveven breJnevis Casvlas praRaSi. breJnevi ganacxadebs rom sabWoTa kavSirs ara aqvs Cexoslovakiis Sinagan saqmeebSi Carevis survili.

 Tavisuflebis pauza:

  1968 wlis ianvarSi Cexoslovakiis kompartiam respublikis prezidentis funqciebi gamohyo kompartiis pirveli mdivnis funqciebisagan. Kkompartiis axali mdivani gaxda aleqsandr dubCeki, respublikis prezidenti gaxda  generali ludvik svoboda. Tavisuflebis araCveulebrivi qari qris adamianis saxiani socializmis (dubCekis gamoTqma) maZiebel qveyanaSi. dubCeki dadis samarTeblis pirze moskovis muqarasa da Tavisuflebis moTxovnas Soris. amasobaSi aRelda poloneTis axalgazrdobac romelic Seejaxa poloneTis policias. Mmwerlebi gmoben Tavisuflebis ararsebobas.

   varSavis blokis qveynebidan mxolod rumineTma Tqva uari Cexoslovakiis movlenebis dagmobaze ( albaT amitom utira deda mag rumineTs mere «liberalma» gorbaCovma, mTargmneli).

   breJnevTan kidev erTxel Sexvedris Semdeg dubCeki Cavida varSavis paqtis TaTbirze. Sexvedra damTavrda mimdinare demokratiizaciisaTvis sasargeblo SeTanxmebiT. AaRaravis sjero samxedro ZaliT Carevisa.

 praRis gadatrialeba :

 1968 wlis 20-21 agvistos RamiT wiTeli armiis pirvelma paraSutistebma daipyres praRas aerodromi, rasac mohyva sxva sabWoTa sahaero Zalebis gadasxma. 7000 sabWoTa tanki gadavida sazRvarze. daaxloebiT 40000 sabWoTa jariskacma magram agreTve 5 « moZme » qveynis jariskacebma daikaves Cexoslovakiis teritoria. dubCeki daatyveves da gaitaces sabWoTa kavSirSi (msmenia rom am dros cexoslovakiis komunistebis mTavari gazeTi « rude pravos » mTavar redaqtorad kremlma daniSna homo sovetikusi vinme CxikviSvili, saintereso da gasarkvevi ambavia, SeiZleba mosananiebelic warmoSobiT qarTveli homo postsovetikusebis mxridan mTargmneli). maSin rodesac Cexebis didi brboebi upirispirdebian tankebs. asobiT  kaci daiRupa da aTasobiT kaci daiWra. 1969 wlis 16 ianvars Tavi cocxlad daiwva 21 wlis studentma filosofosma ian palaxma, ramac didi vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia msoflioSi. is iqca Cagvrisadmi erovnuli winaaRmdegobis simbolod. esaa praRis gazafxulis dasasruli.

   1989 wels berlinis kedlis damxobis Semdeg Cexoslovakiis prezidenti gaxda disidenti mwerali,qartia 77-is wevri vaclav haveli. Mmxolod mas Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli pativis migeba ian palaxis mier gaRebuli msxverplisTvis.

   varSavaSi da praRaSi axalgazrdoba iTxovs Tavisuflebis axal sivrceebs. Musikas da wignebs ara aqvT sazRvrebi. aRmosavleTis axalgazrdebi axlos grZnoben Tavs dasavleTSi protestis gamomTqmelebTan da maTi politikuri reJimebi maTTvis ufro ucxoa vidre kaliforniidan Casuli rokis melodiebi (gagrZeleba iqneba).